Refers to:

  • RETRACTED: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize
  • Authored by: Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Joël Spiroux de Vendômois
  • Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 50, Issue 11, November 2012, Pages 4221-4231 – PDF (2236 K)

Dear Dr. Hayes:

We write to you, as Editor in Chief, to request a serious reconsideration of the recent paper by Seralini et al. alleging tumorigenesis in rats resulting from consumption of corn derived from crops improved through biotechnology (Séralini et al., 2012).

As you are undoubtedly aware, the use of molecular methods to improve crop plants, now known as GMOs, continues to be a highly controversial subject globally despite the absence of evidence, to date, of human, animal or environment harm. The paper by Seralini et al. makes claims that contradict a large body of literature on the subject, reviewed recently in your journal by Snell et al. (2012). This review, analyses by serious scientific bodies, including the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society, as well as the European Union’s recent overview of 25 years of biosafety research on GMOs, all conclude that there are no negative health impacts specifically attributable to the use of molecular methods of crop improvement. Moreover, the herbicide glyphosate, which affects an enzyme present in plants, but not animals, has a short residence time in the environment and a long history of safe use, as does the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, from which the so-called “Bt” gene was transferred to a number of crops to render them resistant to certain kinds of insect pests.

Seralini et al. make the extraordinary claim that rats fed GM corn, with or without added glyphosate, develop tumors earlier in life and die prematurely compared with controls, attributing enhanced morbidity and mortality to consumption of the GM corn and herbicide. Such extraordinary claims must be based on sound and extensive evidence, as they are guaranteed to cause – and indeed, have caused – widespread alarm. As detailed below, this study does not provide sound evidence to support its claims. Indeed, the flaws in the study are so obvious that the paper should never have passed review. This appears to be a case of blatant misrepresentation and misinterpretation of data to advance an anti-GMO agenda by an investigator with a clear vested interest. We find it appalling that a journal with the substantial reputation of FCT published such “junk” science so clearly intended to alarm and mislead.

In view of the importance of the ability to use modern molecular methods of crop improvement to increase the global food and feed supply and decrease the deleterious environmental impacts of conventional agriculture, we appeal to you to subject the paper to rigorous re-review by appropriate experts and promptly retract it if it fails to meet widely held scientific standards of design and analysis, as we believe it fails to do.

We make this request for you to reconsider the paper because it falls short of the customary scientific and ethical standards in several specific regards:

  • The experimental design is flawed, using far fewer animals per treatment (10) than dictated by the OECD guidelines mentioned (but not cited) in the paper (N = 50; see http://www.oecd.org/science/biosafety-biotrack/42470554.pdf).
  • The reader is not informed that the rats used in the study, Sprague-Dawley rats, fed ad libitum diets, would be expected to develop tumors in patterns fully consistent with what the paper reports, vitiating the authors attempt to link the observed tumors with any specific dietary components. There is an abundant literature on these rats, and their responses to ad lib/restricted diets, which the authors cite in an incomplete and entirely misleading way.
  • The experiment lacks appropriate controls (i.e., at least 50 individuals, fed a measured diet of confirmed identity differing from tested diets only by absence of inserted DNA; a robust experiment would also include a random, unrelated diet, e.g., one derived from organic maize).
  • Inappropriate and non standard statistical tests were used, rendering meaningless any interpretations of the results reported – robust statistical tests of raw data to determine whether or not differences are statistically significant must be used, not mere reporting of percentages or irrelevant and exotic tests of no value (e.g., OPLS-DA).
  • Critical details on how much food was consumed by each rat are absent, making it impossible to establish any dose/response relationship.
  • The identity of the “control” diet (i.e., “non GM” was not confirmed, and details on food preparation methodology were not provided.
  • The animals were not euthanized in a timely manner to eliminate unnecessary pain and suffering, as stipulated by both European and U.S. animal research guidelines.
  • The underlying and complete data are being withheld, not shared with other scientists, as is required by Elsevier’s published policies (“Authors may be asked to provide the raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review, and should be prepared to provide public access to such data (consistent with the ALPSP-STM Statement on Data and Databases), if practicable, and should in any event be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication…” http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/New_Code.pdf).

Thank you in advance for your consideration.

Sincerely,

Robert Wager
Vancouver Island University
Canada

Alda Lerayer, Ph.D.
Senior Researcher
Institute of Food Technology
Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil

Dr. Nina Fedoroff
Distinguished Professor, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Former Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State & Evan Pugh Professor, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University

L. Val Giddings, Ph.D., President & CEO
PrometheusAB, Inc.
Silver Spring, MD

Steven H. Strauss, Ph.D.
Distinguished Professor of Biotechnology
Oregon State University

Prof. Chris Leaver CBE, FRS, FRSE
Emeritus Professor of Plant Science
University of Oxford

Prof. Sivramiah Shantharam, Ph.D.
Professor, Seed Science Center and BIGMAP
Iowa State University

Prof. Em. Dr. Ingo Potrykus, Chairman
Humanitarian Golden Rice Board & Network
ETH Zürich

Pr Marc FELLOUS, Genetique Humaine
Emerit Université Denis Diderot
INSERM U 1016 - CNRS UMR 8104 - Université Paris Descartes
Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction
Paris

Moisés Burachik, PhD
Director, Regulatory Affairs
INDEAR (Agrobiotechnology Institute, Rosario)
Rosario, Argentina

Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Jany
former Head of the Centre for Molecular Biology at the Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food

Professor Anthony Trewavas FRS. FRSE. Acad Europ.
Institute of Molecular Plant Science
Edinburgh

Professor C. Kameswara Rao,
Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education
Bangalore, India

Prof. C.S. Prakash
Tuskegee University

Henry I. Miller, M.D.
Robert Wesson Fellow in Scientific Philosophy & Public Policy
Hoover Institution, tanford University

Kent Bradford
Professor and Director, Seed Biotechnology Center
University of California, Davis

Prof. Dr. Selim Cetiner
Sabanci University
Istanbul, Turkey

Prof. Alan McHughen, D. Phil.
University of California, Riverside, California & Former Senior Policy Analyst
Executive Office of the President
Washington, DC

Prof. Luis De Stefano-Beltrán, Ph.D.
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Lima, Perú

Bruce M. Chassy, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus of Food Safety
Professor Emeritus of Nutritional Sciences FSHN, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Sabah AlMomin
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Kuwait

Prof. Martina Newell-McGloughlin
Director International Biotechnology Program,
Co-Director NIH Program in Biomolecular Technology,
Co-Director NSF CREATE IGERT
Adjunct Professor, Plant Pathology,
University of California, Davis

Prof. em. Klaus Ammann,
University of Bern
Neuchatel, Switzerland

Prof. Ronald J. Herring, Ph.D.
Fellow, Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future
Cornell University

Lúcia de Souza, Ph.D.
Vice-president
ANBio - Brazilian Biosafety Association

Cc: Elizabeth Perill ()

References

  • Séralini et al., 2012
  • Séralini, G.-E., et al., 2012. Long term toxicity of a roundup herbicide and a roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food Chem. Toxicol. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512005637.
  • Snell et al., 2012
  • A. Snell, et al.
  • Assessment of the health impact of GM plant diets in long-term and multigenerational animal feeding trials: A literature review
  • Food Chem. Toxicol., 50 (2012), p. 1134

Copyright © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.